Trailer Towing: When Do You Need a CDL?
Click here to watch our CDL discussion and examples of determining your GCWR (gross combination weight rating)
Trailer Towing: When Do You Need a CDL (Commercial Driver's License)
Have you or one of your drivers ever been pulled over while hauling a trailer and asked to show a commercial driver's license (CDL)? If so, you're not alone. According to the National Association of Trailer Manufacturers, this scenario happens frequently, resulting in a great deal of frustration and confusion. Both law enforcement and truck dealers, along with their customers, are often unsure when a CDL is required and when it's not.
Why Is There Confusion?
The federal government sets regulations that are meant to clarify when a CDL is required, with the Department of Transportation (DOT) implementing these rules through the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Each state issues CDLs based on these federal guidelines. In essence, a CDL is required when operating a "commercial motor vehicle" for the purpose of conducting "commerce." CDLs are divided into categories based on the type and weight of the vehicle involved:
Class A: Required if the total GCWR (gross combination weight rating) of the truck and trailer is 26,001 pounds or greater, and the GVWR (gross vehicle weight rating) of the trailer or load is greater than 10,000 pounds.
Class B: Required if the total GCWR of the truck and trailer is 26,001 pounds or greater, but the GVWR of the trailer or load is less than 10,000 pounds.
Class C: Required for transporting the most sensitive cargo, such as hazardous materials or human passengers.
To simplify, a Class A license allows the holder to operate vehicles in all categories, while a Class B license allows the operation of Class C vehicles.
The Problem
While the FMCSA defines "commercial motor vehicle" and "commerce" within its regulations, these definitions are not universally understood. A commercial motor vehicle is a motor vehicle or combination of vehicles that meets specific GVWR-based criteria and is used to transport passengers or property.
Class A Requirements
If the tow vehicle's GCWR is over 26,000 pounds and the towed item has a GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds, a Class A CDL is required.
If the tow vehicle lacks a manufacturer-assigned GCWR, a Class A CDL is required if the combined weight of the tow rig and trailer or load exceeds 26,000 pounds, and the trailer's GVWR is more than 10,000 pounds.
Class B Requirements
For single vehicles, such as a car, truck, van, or bus, a Class B CDL is required if the vehicle's GVWR exceeds 26,000 pounds. If towing a trailer with such a vehicle, a Class B CDL is required even if the trailer's GVWR is less than 10,000 pounds.
The Issue of Commerce
The true complication arises with the concept of "commerce." Even if your vehicle meets the weight requirements, you only need a CDL if you're using the vehicle for commercial purposes. Commerce is defined by the FMCSA as any trade, traffic, or transportation that crosses state lines or affects trade within the United States.
Examples of Confusion
Personal Use: If you're towing your child's 4H project sheep to the county fair, it may seem personal, but if your child wins prize money, the transport could be considered commercial.
Petting Zoo: If you're taking sheep to a festival for a petting zoo, the transport could be seen as commercial, even if sheep rental isn't your business.
Entrepreneur: If your child is using your truck and trailer to run a lawn care business, they might need a CDL if the GVWR of the truck exceeds 16,000 pounds and the trailer exceeds 10,000 pounds.
State-Specific Regulations
Each state can set its own CDL laws for intrastate transport, but these must align with other states' rules. For example, if New York does not require a CDL for a particular purpose, Connecticut cannot enforce its own stricter rules on a New York resident.
Conclusion
Understanding when a CDL is required for towing can be confusing due to varying interpretations of federal regulations and differing state laws. It's crucial to consider the weights of your vehicle and trailer, as well as whether your transport is for commercial purposes. To avoid surprises, it's wise to familiarize yourself with both federal and state requirements.
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Appendix:
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating Ranges on some common Tow Vehicles:
Vehicle Groups as Established by FHWA (Section 383.91)